Q1.Drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases (diseases of the heart and blood vessels).
(a)     What is a drug? .............................................................................................
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(1)
(b)     People can be treated for cardiovascular diseases with statins or aspirin.
 
 	STATINS	ASPIRIN	
 	Statins are only available on prescription from doctors.	Aspirin can be bought over the counter. 
Treatment with aspirin costs up to £15 per year.	
 	In studies, 30 000 patients were monitored 
over several years. Statins were found to reduce the rate of non-fatal heart attacks by about 30%.	In a study of 1000 patients, aspirin was found to cause bleeding of the stomach in around 0.5% of patients and there was a slightly increased risk of poor blood clotting at cuts.	
 	Approximately 0.1% of the patients suffered serious muscle damage and 0.01% suffered kidney failure.	There was a slightly increased risk of damage to the blood vessels in the brain in older patients.	
 	Statins reduce blood cholesterol which builds up in the walls of blood vessels. The cost of treating patients with statins can vary between £150 and £500 per year, depending on the type of cardiovascular disease being treated.	Aspirin was found to reduce the risk of non-fatal heart attacks by 31%.	
 
Would you recommend statins or aspirin for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases?
In your answer you should:
•        give your recommendation
•        use information from the table to support your recommendation by making comparisons of the two drugs.
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 (5)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2.          The drawing shows a bean caper plant.

The bean caper plant lives in hot desert conditions.
Explain two ways in which the bean caper is adapted for life in a hot desert.
Adaptation 1 .........................................................................................................................
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How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
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Adaptation 2 .........................................................................................................................
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How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
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(Total 4 marks)
 Q3.   A population of rabbits lived on a small island. The graph shows their population over the last 50 years.

          (a)     (i)      How many rabbits were there on the island in 1950?
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(1)

(ii)     Give one year when there were 88 rabbits on the island.
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(1)

(b)     (i)      Calculate the decrease in rabbit population between 1950 and 1960.
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(1

(ii)     Suggest a reason why the rabbit population fell in these years.
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(1)

(c)     The most rabbits on the island is always about 140. Suggest a reason for this.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q4.          The drawings show an arctic fox and a fennec fox.

(a)     The arctic fox lives in cold, snowy conditions.
          Explain how each of the following helps the arctic fox to survive in these conditions.
          1   Long, thick fur
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2   A white coat
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(2)

(b)     The fennec fox lives in hot deserts.
          Explain how each of the following helps it to survive in hot conditions.
          1   Very large ear flaps
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          2   Hairs on the soles of its feet
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q5.    Lichens are sensitive to the amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. They are used as indicator species for the amount of air pollution. Air pollution is generally higher in town centres than in the countryside.
Students investigated the relationship between lichen species and distance from a town centre.
•        On a map, they drew a transect (line) from the centre of the town to the countryside.
•        They examined sites every 200 metres along the transect (line).
•        At each site, they recorded the lichen species growing on trees and walls up to a height of 2 metres.
The graph shows their results.  The lines on the graph indicate the range of each lichen species.

(a)     Give one way in which the students could have obtained more accurate results.
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(1)
(b)    (i)       Which lichen species was found over the greatest range?
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(1)
(ii)     Which lichen species grows only in the least polluted air?
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(1)
(c)     One student concluded ‘You can tell how much sulfur dioxide there is in the air by the amount of Lecanora growing’.
Give two reasons why this is not a valid conclusion.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)